Friday, March 18, 2011

诠释圣经的原则 Biblical Hermeneutic Principles

1、圣灵的引导

保惠师,就是父因我的名所要差来的圣灵,他要将一切的事指教你们,并且要叫你们想起我对你们所说的一切话。(约14 :26

真理的圣灵来了,他要引导你们明白(原文作进入)一切的真理;因为他不是凭自己说的,乃是把他所听见的都说出来,并要把将来的事告诉你们。( 16:13 )

只有神藉着圣灵向我们显明了,因为圣灵参透万事,就是神深奥的事也参透了。
( 林前2:10 )


2、经文的语法

旧约是由希伯来文和亚兰文写成、而新约则由希腊文写成。早在主前三世纪,已有希腊文的旧约圣经。而圣经的翻译工作一直都没有停止,至今已翻译至两千多种语言。

圣经虽经岁月的洗礼、又经多人抄译,内容却完全一致。信徒不必精通圣经原文,便已可了解上帝的旨意。

不过每一个翻译都牵涉诠释,掌握原文无可否认可帮助了解和欣赏原文文学、丰富的修饰、词汇的多重意义等。

他一切的信上也都是讲论这事。信中有些难明白的,那无学问、不坚固的人强解,如强解别的经书一样,就自取沉沦。( 彼后3:16 )


3、经文的文体

旧约39 本书及新约27本书里的各不同的文学体裁,有历史、叙事文、信件、诗歌、智慧文学、启示文学、法律体裁、福音书等。不同的文法体裁有其特殊的目的,并能造成不同的结果,如交错法(chiastic structure

例:诗篇里的交错法 ( 诗篇1: 1-6 ) :

A  1不从恶人的计谋,不站罪人的道路,不坐亵慢人的座位,
    2惟喜爱耶和华的律法,昼夜思想,这人便为有福!
B  3他要像一棵树栽在溪水旁,按时候结果子,叶子也不枯乾。
C    凡他所做的尽都顺利。
C’ 4恶人并不是这样,
B’   乃像糠秕被风吹散。
A’ 5因此,当审判的时候恶人必站立不住;罪人在义人的会中也是如此。
                6因为耶和华知道义人的道路;恶人的道路却必灭亡。
        



4、历史文化背景

圣经是由超过40 人、历经1600 年左右而书。每一位作者的文化水平高低不一、身份地位不一样、历史背景不同、文化背景更是不同。掌握经文的历史背景、文化风俗、经济状态、政治背景、并对作者和读者的认识,方能跨越历史的鸿沟,分辨那些经文受当时文化区域的限制和影响。



5、神学

圣经是上帝所默示的话语(提后3:16,要了解上帝的话语,也必须了解上帝的本性。

圣经从头到尾述说一个主题: 上帝的救赎计划。这显出圣经的一贯性与全面性。因此我们有必要以经解经、解释平行经文的异同、和比较个作者的独特神学重点。

Thursday, March 3, 2011

Unclean Animals

Mammals
Of all the animals that live on land, those chew the cud and has a divided hoof are allowed to eat ( Lev 11:2-3 ), while those have only one of the two characteristics are impure. ( Lev 11:4 ).   Of all the animals that walk on all fours, those that walk on their paws are unclean. ( Lev 11:27 ).      
4 Camel 骆驼  ; 5 Hyrax  沙番 ; 6 Rabbit 兔子 ; 7 Pig ; 19 Bat 蝙蝠 ; 29 Weasel 鼬鼠  ; 29 Rat 鼫鼠  ( Levi 11 )

These are the animals you may eat :
4 Ox , 4  Sheep 绵羊, 4 Goat 山羊, 5 Deer 鹿, 5 Gazelle 羚羊, 5 Roe Deer 麃子, 5  Wild Goat 野山羊, 5 Ibex麋鹿 , 5 Antelope 黄羊, 5 Mountain Sheep 青羊. ( Deut 14 )

Any other mammals which walk on their paws, with no hoof and/or chew the cud, which maybe unclean are :
            Bear, Cat, Dog, Squirrel, Tiger

Marine lives
Of all the creatures living in the water of the seas and streams you may eat any that have fins and scales.  But all creatures in the sea or streams that do not have fins and scales – whether among all the swarming things or among all the other living creatures in the water – you are to regard as unclean. ( Levi 11:9-10 )

Based on the Scripture, creatures with no fins and scales are unclean, therefore the following are considered forbidden  :
Abalone, Catfish, Clam, Crap, Cuttlefish, Eel, Jelly Fish, Lobster, Oyster, Prawn, Scallop, Shark,  Shrimp, Squid,
        
Birds
13 Eagle , 13Vulture 头雕 , 14 Kite 鹞鹰, 15 Raven 乌鸦, 16-18 Owl 猫头鹰, 18 Gull 鱼鹰 , 16 Hawk , 17 Cormorant 鸕鶿 , 18 Osprey 秃雕 , 19 Stork , 19 Heron 鹭鸶 , 19 Hoopoe 戴鵀   ( Levi 11:13-19 )

Insects All flying insects that walk on all fours are to be regarded as unclean. ( Lev 11:20 ) 

However, some exceptions : those that have jointed legs for hopping on the ground , i.e
22 Locust蝗蟲 , 22 Katydid螞蚱 , 22 Cricket蟋蟀, 22 Grasshopper 蚱蜢 ( Lev 11:21-22 )


Reptiles & other Invertebrates
Of all the animals that move along the ground ( Lev 11:29 ), whether it moves on its belly or walks on all fours or on many feet ( Lev 11:41 ) :
                29-30 Lizard 蜥蜴, 30 Gecko壁虎 , 30 Skink蛇醫 , 30 Chameleon 蝘蜓 
( Lev 11

Some other unclean reptiles, which fit to the descriptions :
            Aligator, Snake, Turtle, Water Monitor


Do not defile yourselves by any of these creatures. Do not make yourselves unclean by means of them or be made unclean by them. 44 I am the LORD your God; consecrate yourselves and be holy, because I am holy. Do not make yourselves unclean by any creature that moves along the ground. 45 I am the LORD, who brought you up out of Egypt to be your God; therefore be holy, because I am holy. ( Lev 11 )
 46 “‘These are the regulations concerning animals, birds, every living thing that moves about in the water and every creature that moves along the ground. 47 You must distinguish between the unclean and the clean, between living creatures that may be eaten and those that may not be eaten.’”  ( Lev 11 )








The idea of clean and unclean animals can be first found in the story of Noah and the Ark.  ( Genesis 7:1-2 ).   Then Moses in the wilderness, conveyed the Gods’ Law regarding the ceremonially unclean animal, with some descriptions of the ceremonial unclean and clean creatures. ( Lev 11 ; Deut 14 )
Those description, are however not a detailed one.  For sure, the list doesn’t include all the living creatures from 5 continents, which are non-relevant at all !  It may be sufficient for the Israelites, considering their lifestyle at that specific time, and availability of the creatures in the wilderness. 

Peter had a vision of God instructed him to eat unclean food. ( Acts 10:9-22 ). Although Peter refused, he later realized that God was instructing him not to refer the Gentiles as ‘unclean’,  and of God’s will to extend the salvation to the Gentiles.

Soon after Paul & Barnabas missionary journey to Asia Minor,  Jewish customary law was debated as if ought to be followed by the Gentiles believers. ( Acts 15 ).  The conclusion was that the Gentiles believers should abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood. ( Acts 15:20 & 29 ) .

Further, Paul in his First Epistle to Timothy, assured that ‘everything God created is good, and nothing is to be rejected if it is received with thanksgiving ( 1Tim 4:4 ) as opposed to some hypocritical teachings ‘forbid people to marry and orders them to abstain from certain food’. ( 1 Tim 4:3 ). 

In the First Epistle to Corinthians, Paul again stress that ‘food does not bring us near to God’, thus it doesn’t matter what we eat.  But if whatever we eat or do, cause our brother or sister to fall into sin, then we are sin against Christ !  ( 1Corinthians 8 )


Jesus however teaches us in a different perspective. 

What goes into someone’s mouth does not defile them, but what comes out of their mouth , that is what defiles them.’’ ( Matthew 15:11 )

Don’t you see that whatever enters the mouth goes into the somach and then out of the body?  But the things that come out of a person’s mouth come fromteh heart and these defile them.  For out of the heart come evil thoughts – murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false, testimony, slander.  These are what a defile a person; but eating with unwashed hands does not defile them.” ( Matthew 15 :17-20 )


有求必应 ?




你们祈求,就给你们;寻找,就寻见;叩门,就给你们开门
因为凡祈求的,就得着;寻找的,就寻见;叩门的,就给他开门。
马太 7:7-8  ; 路加11:9-10



各教诸神,各显神通,都各尽其职为各自信徒释疑解难、降祸赐福 灵者则香火鼎盛 ; 不灵者则乖乖守着破庙扮清高。

在人力无法控制等不可理解的状况下,有限的人向万能的上帝祈求是自然不过的 。祈求的对象、方式、内容,更是百出不穷。许多基督徒也因此把马太福音78 节抓得很紧,甚至胜过大使命、大戒命。

人通常追求的不外是财源广进、身体健康、生活快乐、学业事业顺利。。。知足的则祈求上天的怜悯、逆境中求安慰。。。全部都为世上的一切。所以雅各说: “你们求也得不到,因为你们的动机不良,要把所得的耗费在你们的私欲上。”(雅各4:3

无可否认,耶和华上帝是全能的上帝、安慰的上帝、更是怜悯的上帝。也无可否认,耶和华上帝不是阿拉丁神灯,上帝没有义务应允每个祈求。不然上帝就不是上帝了!当祈求不被垂听时,人们普遍上都会死缠烂打、或耐心等候、或另谋高就。上帝毕竟会按自己的意思,在适当的时候、适当的回应或不回应每个祈求。再不然,就分道扬镳!

耶稣也不曾答应跟随他的将会凡事亨通。跟随耶稣反而是一条坎坷的路,被众人恨恶 (马太10: 17-23 ; 约翰15:185-25)、门窄路小(马太7:13)、不属这世界(约翰17:16要付代价的 马太10:34-39 ; 马可8:34 ; 路加 14:25-27)。

然而,圣经多次教导我们关于祈求的动机 :
1。照神的旨意。(我们若照他的旨意求甚麽,他就听我们,这是我们向他所存坦然无惧的心。1 5:14
2。使父神因耶稣的荣耀。(你们奉我的名无论求甚麽,我必成就,叫父因儿子得荣耀。 14:13 )
3。结果子。(不是你们拣选了我,是我拣选了你们,并且分派你们去结果子,叫你们的果子常存,使你们奉我的名,无论向父求甚麽,他就赐给你们15:16





1  照着神的旨意求
我们若照他的旨意求甚麽,他就听我们,这是我们向他所存坦然无惧的心。1 5:14

什么是神的旨意?保罗为歌罗西的圣徒们祈求,愿他们借着一切属灵的智慧和悟性,可以充分明白神的旨意。(歌1:9
1、基督照我们父神的旨意为我们的罪舍己,要救我们脱离这罪恶的世代( 加1:4
2叫我们能与众圣徒在光明中同得基业。他救了我们脱离黑暗的权势,把我们迁到他爱子的国里;我们在爱子里得蒙救赎,罪过得以赦免。(歌1:12-13
3神的旨意就是要你们成为圣洁,远避淫行。( 帖前4:3
4神的旨意原是要你们行善( 彼前2




2   父因儿子得荣耀
你们奉我的名无论求甚麽,我必成就叫父因儿子得荣耀( 14:13 )

很明显,我们奉耶稣的名无论求什么,他必成就,条件是父要因此因子的荣耀。不是耶稣得荣耀、不单是父神得荣耀、而是父因子得荣耀

既然 ë有求必应ù 的关键在于 ë父因子得荣耀ù ,那就非要搞清楚不可: ë子要如何使父得荣耀ù ,不然我们妄求之际,还沾沾自喜。

耶稣曾经说他不求自己的榮耀 ( 8:50), 也不求自己的意思,只求那差他來者(父)的意思 ( 5:30)。约翰福音18章里,耶稣因成全了父所托付他的事,而荣耀了父。再看下去,耶稣就被捕、钉在十字架,完全了天父的救赎计划。

神差他的儿子降世,不是要定世人的罪,乃是要叫世人因他得救( 约 3:17

因此,要理解约翰福音1413, 就不可不读它前后经文、又要明白耶稣如何顺服天父的旨意。贯通了后,就会明白耶稣如何体贴并顺服天父,并使父得荣耀。自然而然,我们也会顺着天父的旨意而祈求,而不是俗气的为自己求。


3 结果子
不是你们拣选了我,是我拣选了你们,并且分派你们去结果子,叫你们的果子常存,使你们奉我的名,无论向父求甚麽,他就赐给你们( 15:16

结什么果子?

1、 高洁品德。(圣灵所结的果子,就是仁爱、喜乐、和平、忍耐、恩慈、良善、信实、温柔、节制加拉太5:22-23
2、 公义。(并靠着耶稣基督结满了仁义的果子,叫荣耀称赞归与神。腓立比1:11
3、 承认耶稣是基督。( 我们应当靠着耶稣,常常以颂赞为祭献给神,这就是那承认主名之人嘴唇的果子希伯来15:22 )