“Joseph took the body,
wrapped it in a clean linen cloth”
Matthew 27:59
The Shroud of Turin or Turin Shroud (
Italian: Sindone di Torino, Sacra Sindone or Santa Sindone ) is a length of linen cloth bearing the negative
image of a man who is alleged to be Jesus of Nazareth. It is kept in the royal
chapel of the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, Piedmont, Italy.
The cloth itself is believed by some
to be the burial shroud that Jesus was wrapped in when he was buried after
crucifixion.
Description
The shroud is rectangular, measuring
approximately 4.4 by 1.1 metres (14 ft 5 in × 3 ft 7 in). The cloth is woven in
a three-to-one herringbone twill composed of flax fibrils
Its most distinctive characteristic
is the faint, brownish image of a front and back view of a naked man with his
hands folded across his groin. The two views are aligned along the midplane of
the body and point in opposite directions. The front and back views of the head
nearly meet at the middle of the cloth.
The image of the "Man of the
Shroud" has a beard, moustache, and shoulder-length hair parted in the
middle. He is muscular and tall (various experts have measured him as from 1.70
to 1.88 m or 5 ft 7 in to 6 ft 2 in).
Reddish-brown stains are found on the
cloth, showing various wounds that, according to proponents, correlate with the
yellowish image, the pathophysiology of crucifixion, and the Biblical
description of the death of Jesus.
The shroud was damaged in a fire in
1532 in the chapel in Chambery, France. There are some burn holes and scorched
areas down both sides of the linen, caused by contact with molten silver during
the fire that burned through it in places while it was folded. Fourteen large triangular patches and eight
smaller ones were sewn onto the cloth by Poor Clare nuns to repair the damage.
In 1988, three radiocarbon dating
tests dated a corner piece of the shroud from the Middle Ages, between the
years 1260 and 1390.
History
There are no definite historical
records of the Turin Shroud prior to 1390.
A burial cloth was owned by the
Byzantine emperors but disappeared during the Sack of Constantinople in 1204.
Burial cloth bearing an image of a
crucified man was allegedly existed in a small town of Lirey around the years
1353-1357, in the possession of a French Knight, Geoffroi de Charny.
There are no historical evidence that
those cloth referred to the shroud currently at kept at Turin.
The presence of the Turin Shroud in
Lirey, France, is only undoubtedly attested in 1390 when Bishop Pierre d'Arcis
wrote a memorandum to Pope Clement VII, stating that the shroud was a forgery
and that the artist had confessed.
In 1453 Margaret de Charny deeded the
Shroud to the House of Savoy.
In 1532, the shroud suffered damage
from a fire in a chapel of Chambéry, capital of the Savoy region, where it was
stored. A drop of molten silver from the reliquary produced a symmetrically
placed mark through the layers of the folded cloth. Clare Nuns attempted to repair this damage
with patches.
In 1578 Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of
Savoy ordered the cloth to be brought from Chambéry to Turin and it has
remained at Turin ever since.
Repairs were made to the shroud in
1694 by Sebastian Valfrè. Further repairs were made in 1868 by Clotilde
of Savoy.
The shroud remained the property of
the House of Savoy until 1983, when it was given to the Holy See.
In 2002, the Holy See had the shroud
restored. The cloth backing and thirty patches were removed, making it possible
to photograph and scan the reverse side of the cloth, which had been hidden
from view. A faint part-image of the
body was found on the back of the shroud in 2004.
Scientific Analysis
Sindonology (from the Greek σινδών—sindon,
the word used in the Gospel of Mark to describe the type of the burial cloth of
Jesus) is the formal study of the Shroud.
In 1902 Yves Delage, a French
professor of comparative anatomy, published the first study on the subject :
suggesting that the image anatomically flawless and argued that the features of
rigor mortis, wounds, and blood flows were evidence that the image was formed
by direct or indirect contact with a corpse.
In 1982, a Forensic pathologist Pier
Luigi Baima Bollone identified the blood as the AB blood group.
In 1988, the Holy See commissioned a
radiocarbon dating on portions of a swatch taken from a corner of the shroud. Independent
test conducted at the University of
Oxford, the University of Arizona, and the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology concluded with 95% confidence that the shroud material dated to
1260–1390 AD.
In 2000, fragments of a burial shroud
from the 1st century were discovered in a tomb near Jerusalem. The shroud was
composed of a simple two-way weave, unlike the complex herringbone twill of the
Turin Shroud. Based on this discovery, the researchers stated that the Turin Shroud
did not originate from Jesus-era Jerusalem
In 2013, Giulio Fanti performed new
dating studies on fragments obtained from the shroud. He performed three
different tests including ATR–FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The date range from
these tests date the shroud between 300 BC and 400 AD.
“Now, the
origin and root of this evil has been, that,
Instead of discerning Jesus Christ
in his Word, his Sacraments, and his Spiritual
Graces,
the world has, according to its custom,
amused
itself with his clothes, shirts, and sheets,
leaving thus the principal to follow the
accessory.”
“In short, the desire for relics is never without superstition,
and what is worse, it is usually the parent of idolatry.”
A Treatise On Relics, 1543, John Calvin
There are some 24 fish species in the
Sea of Galilee, of which 19 are native and 5 exotic ( Ben-Tuvia, 1978 ) Table
1. Tilapia was one of the major
commercial catch, and it is a bi-parental mouthbrooder. Being a
mouthbrooder means the adult fish carry their offsprings inside their
mouth. So, a Tilapia has a mouth large
enough to accommodate a coin.
